Understanding Bhabha Zeitler Theory of Cosmic Showers

Dr. Homi J Bhabha is a respected name in the field of theoretical research in Physics. In 1937 while at work in England he propounded what has come to be known as the Bhabha-Heitler cascade theory. This theory concerned the electron showers in cosmic rays which bombard the earth from all directions. To understand this theory it is important to understand a few simple facts that this theory touches

a) Cosmic Rays. These rays were discovered in 1912 by Victor Hess. This discovery came after he found that as he went up in a balloon with an electroscope, it discharged more rapidly. An electroscope is an instrument to detect the presence of electric charge. He was able to attribute these phenomena to a new source of radiation and subsequently won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1937.

Are Computer Scientists Sealing Their Fate By Programming AI Software to Do Research Science?

It seems every day we look around, computers, robotics, and artificial intelligence are taking the jobs of humans. As a former employer it's difficult for me to give you an opinion of all of this that you will be satisfied with, and that is because I've watched some of the shenanigans that human beings attempt to pull while they are gainfully employed. Now then, I would like to talk to you about this challenge we have with our ever-increasing and advancing technology in the present period.

As the coordinator for a think tank, as we work on ways to improve efficiencies in business, industry, government, military, energy, water, education, transportation, healthcare, and economics. It seems that artificial intelligence, robotics, and computers are the answer to attaining such productivity and efficiency. Thus, at this level, and for the computer scientists that do the research, I'd say we are somewhat unfazed with the unintended consequences that this might cause the future. In fact, until it affects us personally, it's doubtful that we will be bothered by such triviality in our quest to better these technologies.

Nevertheless, I would like to ask the question which happens to be the title of this article; "are our computer scientists inadvertently sealing their own fate by doing research and programming the latest artificial intelligent software, robotics, and computers which will use these new algorithmic schemes?" The answer is yes, and we don't have to look too far to understand that the challenge is already here. After all, what was the first thing that they wanted to use IBM's "Watson" Supercomputer for once it won "Jeopardy" and outscored the top humans in the game?

Buying the Right Laboratory Equipment

Health labs, medical institutions and educational organisations all require specialist laboratory equipment to allow the lab professionals to undertake diagnostic applications with a high degree of accuracy. This equipment needs to be of a high standard and ought to be reliable and above all safe.

When choosing lab equipment you should seek an accredited manufacturer with expertise in this field so you can be sure that you are buying products which are tested and approved to undertake the processes that you plan to undertake. Buying the best in terms of quality does not necessarily mean expensive. There are a number of reputable lab equipment manufacturers, importers and stockists offering a wide choice at competitive prices.

2012 Science Trends

Well, science is making some decent headway in particle physics, astrophysics, astronomy, healthcare, material science, nanotech, and personal tech as we are all very aware. Okay so, let's talk about all of this for second shall we?

It looks as if IBM and Intel are both working on major breakthroughs in things like spectral imaging, supercomputers, and the new chips that use unbelievable materials, able to process with ultra-efficiency and at speeds unheard of. It looks as if science may crack an individual's DNA sequencing for a cost of under $500. Also we note that major discoveries are being made in cancer research, and the mapping of the human brain. Each incremental push forward seems to be bringing us to the point of major breakthroughs.

What Is Zero Point Energy?

Back in 1917 this stupendous energy field which was originally believed to be simply an empty vacuum, but in-fact after further researched was found to be an amazing reservoir of homoeostatic balance and natural healing, is now uniquely positioned to change the entire face of "free energy." It is believed that this change will also include health and wellness within and throughout the body of humans, and all living organisms. To learn more about this stupendous healing power, please read on...

The science of zero point energy was first proposed by Albert Einstein and Otto Stern in 1917, which they referred to as "zero point energy".

Protons, Neutrons and Electrons

The universe is an incredibly large place with hundreds of billions of galaxies. Each galaxy has hundreds of billions of stars in it. So there are more than 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 stars out there, and most of them are bigger than our sun. There is probably much more as well. That's just all we can see.

All of that stuff out there is made of matter, all of which is made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. There are other particles that pop in and out of existence and apply the forces, but they aren't matter like protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Protons and neutrons are indeed composed of smaller particles called quarks, that stick together like magnets. An enormous amount of energy is required to get quarks to fly apart because the energy of motion has to be greater than the energy of attraction. Other than in the lab, quarks haven't been by themselves for billions of years.

Living on the Fringe

Fringe science, what's that? Well I'm glad you asked because it's an important aspect of science that is oft overlooked by mainstream society and, indeed, mainstream science. Simply put fringe science is any scientific inquiry in an established field of study that departs from mainstream theory and might not fit well in other categories of science. For example: There is mainstream science, this is a field of study that is widely accepted, often beyond the point of being called theoretical. The general public, in most cases accepts this as well as the majority, if not entirety of the scientific community.

The Earth In Geographical Facts

"The Blue Planet" is a huge source of curiosities when it comes to its geography. The facts below are just a few examples:

- Sudan's GDP is about the same with that of the US state of Idaho (approximately 54 billion $).

- The total world GDP reached 70 trillion $ in 2011. In comparison, the world GDP in 2010 was about 63 trillion $.

- Approximately 40% of the total area of Brazil (or 3,3 million square km / 1,274 million square mi) is covered by the Amazon rainforest.

- Indonesia is the country with the most active volcanoes (over 130).

- In the last 100 years, Chile has experienced about 8 earthquakes rating at least 8.0 magnitude including the 1960 Valdivia earthquake which was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded on Earth rating a magnitude of 9.5.

- There are 100 million privately owned cars in China.

- There are over 6,300 ships that are registered in the country of Panama.

- Lesotho is an enclave and a landlocked country that is completely surrounded by the Republic of South Africa.

- The present Croatian city of Dubrovnik was known in the Middle Ages as the Republic of Ragusa.

- Greenland is the world largest island and the least densely populated country or territory in the world.

- Russia and Bangladesh have the same number of inhabitants (approximately 142 million), but the area of Bangladesh is 115 times smaller than the area of Russia.

- Armenia has one of the oldest Christian community in the world - it was the first country that adopted Christianity in 301 AD.

- Yosemite Falls is the highest waterfall in North America (739 m / 2,425 ft).

The Geography Of The World In Facts

I hope you will enjoy the following list with geographical facts about our world:

- Canada is home to 10% of the world's forests and holds 20% of the world's freshwater.

- The North American Great Lakes have a total area of 244,106 sq km / 94,250 sq mi and represent 21% of the world's surface fresh water.

- Lake Victoria is Africa's largest lake by area (68,800 sq km / 26,600 sq mi).

- Vatican City is the world's smallest country (0.44 sq km / 0.17 sq mi) and the world's least populated country (about 800 people).

- Tristan da Cunha is the remotest inhabited island in the world. This island has a population of 264 people and it is located in the South Atlantic Ocean, at a distance of 2,816 km (1,750 mi) from South Africa and 3,360 km (2,088 mi) from South America.

- The Chilean city of Puerto Williams is the southernmost city of the world.

- The Irish name of the Ireland capital of Dublin is Baile Atha Cliath.

- The Swiss city of Zurich was known in the past as Turigus, Turegus, and Turicum.

- The Qinghai-Tibet railway is the world's highest railway. The highest point of this railway is reached at the Tanggula Pass (5,072 m or 16,640 ft above sea level).

- The Rub'al - Khali area in Saudi Arabia is the world's largest sand desert (647,500 sq km or 250,001 sq mi).

General Remarks on the Chemistry of the Metals

Although the number of the metallic elements is much greater than that of the non-metals, the chemistry of them is much simpler and comparatively less diverse. This is due to the fact that by far the largest number and the most important of the compounds of the metals are of a saline character. Now, we have seen generally that the properties of the salts in aqueous solution are conditioned essentially by the properties of their ions. If, therefore, a metal, e.g. silver, forms only one kind of cation, the behaviour of all its salts in aqueous solution is known, if that of this particular cation is known; a knowledge of the anions, which have mostly been treated in the chemistry of the non-metals, is hereby supposed given.

So far, then, as the behaviour in aqueous solution is concerned, the chemistry of the metals is essentially given with the knowledge of the metal ions. In analytical chemistry we are concerned almost entirely with aqueous solutions, and to what we there learn it is generally sufficient to add a statement of the solubility relations of certain difficultly soluble salts, in order to obtain the foundation of analytical chemistry. For general chemistry, however, it is necessary to add a knowledge of the compounds in the solid state as well as of the non-saline or indifferent compounds which also exist in the case of the metals, whereby greater diversity is produced.